Sharks and Rays: Gulf of Chiriquí, Panamanian Pacific

The Gulf of Chiriquí and Coiba National Park form a scientifically recognized ISRA (Important Shark and Ray Area). The richness of the zone stems from its position within the Eastern Tropical Pacific Marine Corridor, a network of marine protected areas connecting the Galápagos, Cocos, Malpelo and Coiba. The currents structuring this corridor concentrate nutrients and sustain some of the most diverse elasmobranch populations in Central America.

Hammerhead Sharks

The scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) and the great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran) are both classified as critically endangered by the IUCN. They are observed in spearfishing and snorkeling around Isla Montuosa. Satellite telemetry studies have documented their migrations between the Galápagos and Panamanian coastal waters, where pregnant females come to give birth. Their presence in the zone is scientifically documented by the Charles Darwin Foundation and published in peer-reviewed journals.

Bull Shark and Reef Sharks

The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas) and reef sharks are present throughout the zone. In the Gulf of Chiriquí, they are peaceful and rather timid. Less thuggish than elsewhere.

Whale Shark

The whale shark (Rhincodon typus), classified as endangered by the IUCN, forms seasonal aggregations in the Gulf of Chiriquí. Its presence correlates with plankton blooms generated by seasonal upwellings. It is the largest fish in the world. It feeds by filtration and presents no danger to humans.

Manta and Devil Rays

Manta rays (Mobula birostris) and devil rays (Mobula spp.) are present around Coiba and Isla Montuosa. They are observed in diving and snorkeling. Some ray species also frequent sandy areas near shore. In these sectors, care should be taken when walking: rays may be buried in the sand.

Protection Status

These species are not fished. Manta rays are listed on CITES Appendix I since 2025, prohibiting any international trade. The scalloped hammerhead and great hammerhead are listed on CITES Appendix II. In Coiba National Park, any fishing, retention or disturbance of protected species is prohibited under Panamanian law. Panama has prohibited the export of protected shark species since 2026.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can hammerhead sharks be observed in Panama?

Yes. The scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) and the great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran) are present in the Gulf of Chiriquí. They are observed in diving and snorkeling around Isla Montuosa. Their presence is scientifically documented.

Are sharks dangerous in these waters?

The bull shark and reef sharks are present throughout the zone. In the Gulf of Chiriquí, they are peaceful and rather timid. Less thuggish than elsewhere.

Are rays present in shallow water near shore?

Yes. Some species frequent sandy areas in shallow water. In these sectors, care should be taken when walking: rays may be buried in the sand.

Can these species be fished?

No. Manta rays are listed on CITES Appendix I. Hammerhead sharks are on CITES Appendix II. In Coiba National Park, any disturbance of protected species is prohibited under Panamanian law.

ELSE CODED organises private spearfishing expeditions in the Gulf of Chiriquí. Spearfishing expeditions — Start a conversation.